Supply chain disruption cost the US and EU economy roughly $3 trillion USD in 2020, equivalent to the size of the whole German economy. For downstream companies such as car makers, the effects of limited supply chain visibility are both financial and ethical. This was highlighted in June 2021 when one of the world’s largest solar panel material mining companies Hoshine Silicon Industry received sanctions from the US due to evidence of forced labour in their supply chain, therefore shutting down their US sales overnight and leading to millions in lost revenue.